1. Dadipoor S, Madani A, Alavi A, Roozbeh N, Safari‑Moradabadi A. A survey of the growing trend of caesarian
section in Iran and the world: A review article. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2016;19:8‑17.
2. Junge C, von Soest T, Weidner K, Seidler A, Eberhard‑Gran M,
Garthus‑Niegel S. Labor pain in women with and without severe
fear of childbirth: A population‑based, longitudinal study. Birth
2018;45:469‑77.
3. Yazdkhasti M, Pirak A. The effect of aromatherapy with lavender
essence on severity of labor pain and duration of labor in
primiparous women. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016;25:81‑6.
4. Pirak A, Salehian T, Yazdkhasti M, Didehvar M, Arzani A.
The effect of lavender essence on labor pain and length of
delivery time in nulliparous women. J Ilam Univ Med Sci
2016;23:175‑84.
5. Akbarzadeh M, Nematollahi A, Farahmand M, Amooee S. The
effect of two‑staged warm compress on the pain duration of first
and second labor stages and Apgar score in prim gravida women:
A randomized clinical trial. J Caring Sci 2018;7:21‑6.
6. Hidayatin N, Anita Dwi A, Prawitasari E. The effect of a cold
compress on pain during the first stage of childbirth at BPM.
J Ners 2020;15:473‑5.
7. Jenabi E, Khazaei S, Bashirian S, Aghababaei S, Matinnia N.
Reasons for elective cesarean section on maternal request:
A systematic review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med
2020;33:3867‑72.
8. Taavoni S, Sheikhan F, Abdolahian S, Ghavi F. Birth ball or
heat therapy? A randomized controlled trial to compare the
effectiveness of birth ball usage with sacrum‑perineal heat
therapy in labor pain management. Complement Ther Clin Pract
2016;24:99‑102.
9. Czech I, Fuchs P, Fuchs A, Lorek M, Tobolska‑Lorek D,
Drosdzol‑Cop A, et al. Pharmacological and non‑pharmacological
methods of labour pain relief‑establishment of effectiveness and
comparison. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15:2792.
10. Hu Y, Lu H, Huang J, Zang Y. Efficacy and safety of
non‑pharmacological interventions for labour pain management:
A systematic review and Bayesian network meta‑analysis. J Clin
Nurs 2021;30:3398‑414.
11. Dharshana AJ, Kavitha V, Nirmala. Sacral warm compress on
perception of labour pain among parturient mothers during first
stage of labour. TNNMC J Obstet Gynaecol Nurs 2020;8:28‑31.
12. Yazdkhasti M, Moghimi Hanjani S, Mehdizadeh Tourzani Z.
The effect of localized heat and cold therapy on pain intensity,
duration of phases of labor, and birth outcomes among
primiparous females: A randomized, controlled trial. Shiraz E
Med J 2018;19:e65501.
13. Maeda T, Yoshida H, Sasaki T, Oda A. Does transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) simultaneously combined
with local heat and cold applications enhance pain relief
compared with TENS alone in patients with knee osteoarthritis?J Phys Ther Sci 2017;29:1860‑4.
14. Chatterjee S, Mondal S, Singh D. Effect of 12 weeks of yogic
training on neurocognitive variables: A Quasi‑experimental
study. Indian J Community Med 2021;46:112‑6.
15. Duan B, Cheng L, Ma Q. Spinal circuits transmitting mechanical
pain and itch. Neurosci Bull 2018;34:186‑93.
16. Marineo G. Inside the scrambler therapy, a noninvasive treatment
of chronic neuropathic and cancer pain: From the gate control
theory to the active principle of information. Integr Cancer Ther
2019;18:1534735419845143.
17. Malanga GA, Yan N, Stark J. Mechanisms and efficacy of heat
and cold therapies for musculoskeletal injury. Postgrad Med
2015;127:57‑65.
18. Ulfa M, Monica LP. The effectiveness of giving cold compress
in pain reduction intensity of perineal wound of postpartum
mother. J Nurs Midwifery 2020;7:398‑403.
19. Handayani L, Sukini T. Relaxation and cold compress
effectiveness toward labor pain intensity during of the first stage.
Int J Psychosoc Rehabil 2020;24:5651‑9.
20. Ahmad‑Shirvani M, Ganji J. Comparison of separate and
intermittent heat and cold therapy in labour pain management.
Nurs Pract Today 2016;3:179‑86.
21. Mascarenhas VH, Lima TR, Silva FM, Negreiros FS, Santos JD,
Moura MP, et al. Scientific evidence on non‑pharmacological
methods for relief of labor pain. Acta Paul Enferm 2019;32:350‑7.
22. Türkmen H, Oran NT. Massage and heat application on labor
pain and comfort: A quasi‑randomized controlled experimental
study. Explore (NY) 2021;17:438‑45.23. Kaçar N, Özcan Keser N. Comparison of the effect of mechanical
massage and warm mechanical massage application on perceived
labor pain and childbirth experience: A randomized clinical trial.
Eur J Midwifery 2021;5:5.
24. Rahimikian F, Shahbazi SH, Mohammadi SH, Haghani SH. The
effects of ice pack application on pain intensity in the active
phase of labor and on birth satisfaction among primiparous
women. Nurs Pract Today 2018;5:355‑62.
25. Sayed HA, Allah NA. Effect of localized warm versus cold
compresses on pain severity during first stage of labor among
primiparous. J Nurs Health Sci 2019;8:14‑24.
26. Adler K, Rahkonen L, Kruit H. Maternal childbirth experience
in induced and spontaneous labour measured in a visual analog
scale and the factors influencing it; a two‑year cohort study.
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:415.
27. Moghimi Hanjani S, Mehdizadeh Tourzani Z, Tajvidi M,
Baheri B, Leilabadi Asl MP. Effect of localized cold treatment
modality on pain intensity during labor in primiparous women.
Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2018;21:14‑21.
28. Freire B, Geremia J, Baroni BM, Vaz MA. Effects of cryotherapy
methods on circulatory, metabolic, inflammatory and neural
properties: A systematic review. Fisioter Mov 2016;29:389‑98.
29. de Souza Bosco Paiva C, Junqueira Vasconcellos de Oliveira SM,
Amorim Francisco A, da Silva RL, de Paula Batista Mendes E,
Steen M. Length of perineal pain relief after ice pack application:
A quasi‑experimental study. Women Birth 2016;29:117‑22.